OFFICE RAISED MEANS
Many specific provisions concern the role of the judge with regard to legal remedies. These provisions are of a procedural or substantive law nature; They sometimes provide for the power, sometimes the obligation and sometimes the prohibition for the judge to raise certain legal grounds ex officio.
The Article 120 of the CPC allows the judge to raise sua sponte the nullity for lack of capacity to bring proceedings and provides that the nullity of exceptions based on breach of the substantive rules relating to proceedings shall be taken of office when they are of a public order nature. The Article 125 of the CPC provides that the purposes of inadmissibility must be raised automatically when they have a matter of public policy, particularly if these result from non-compliance of the time limits should be exercised pathways appeal or the lack of opening of a remedy. It also provides that the judge may be
Article 388 of the Civil Code prohibits him from automatically raising the expiry of the proceedings. Article 2223 of the Civil Code prohibits the judge from automatically replacing the means resulting from the limitation period, which also constitutes an end of non-receipt.
Similarly, case law requires the judge to apply ex officio certain legal provisions of public order which the parties cannot waive ( Civ. 2, January 20, 2000,)
When the judge automatically comes under the legal means, he must do so while respecting the adversarial proceedings. Paragraph 3 of article 16 of the CPC provides that the judge ” may not base his decision on the legal grounds that he has identified without having previously invited the parties to present their observations.
The judge and the means of public order of protection
The judge cannot raise ex officio means, even public order, the purpose of which is to protect people. Only the latter can invoke these provisions. The rules relating to a protective public order can only be invoked by the person whom these provisions are intended to protect.
This is the case with provisions of the Consumer Code (consumer protection: Civ. 2, December 4, 2003, Civ. 1, February 15, 2000. Cass. Civ. 1, February 15, 2000 , provisions intended to protect the borrower (see for example Cass. com May 3, 1995) or the provisions of the Civil Code on defects in consent ( Cass. civ. 3, November 20, 1985 ) (employee protection and request for reclassification of a CDD into CDI: Soc., October 30, 2002)
